DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT
Balakrishnan, Suresh &
Sita Sekhar, "Slum-Dwellers
Ratings of Public Sevices", ' Public Services and the Urban Poor in
Mumbai
- A report Carde', Public Affairs Centre,
Bangalore, 1998, [ C.J33],
eldoc/urban_issues/uu1_M030.html
Abs: These are few
chapters from the report 'Public
Services & the Urban Poor in Mumbai - A Report Card'. This
reports
attempts to gather insights on key areas such as To what extent urban
service
have reached slum dwellers?, To what extent have initiatives of urban
NGOs
reached slum dwellers? etc.
Das, Binayak, "Shut
and Dried - Private participation
in the urban water sector has failed to take off", Down
To Earth,
New Delhi, 15 September 2002, [C.J33], /eldoc/urban_issues/uu1_M034.html
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20020915&filename=spr&sec_id=6&sid=2
The Bombay Metropolitan Regional Plan (1970-91) took an
integrated view
of the entire region. The plan worked out the water requirement based
on
estimated population for 1991 and also identified water resources for
future
development...
It is possible in principle to attract private investment in water
resource development it purchase of bulk water at attractive rates is
guaranteed.
The investment could also be on "Build, Operate and Transfer" terms
where
private investors agrees to transfer the assets after certain number of
years. But given the delays endemic in the process of source
development
and inability of local governments to change economic water rates it is
difficult to attract private investment in practice...
The water tariff is same for a slum dwellers cooperative which shares
a stand post between 15 families and probably receives less than 50
ipcd
of water and an apartment owner on Malabar Hill who consumes over 200
ipcd...
Differential pricing related to level of consumption is justifiable
from the point of generation of funds for future water supply schemes
as
well as to promote equitable distribution of water.
"Planning Division Bombay
Metropolitan Region Dev.Authority,
Water Resources Planning",'Bombay Metropolitan Region, Planning
Division
Bombay Metro', Mumbai. Pg. 1-13, 16-21, June 1991. [R.J33.15].
Only 4% receive water for more than 8 hours...
33% receive water for more than 4 hours...
42% receive water for just 3 hours...
21% receive water for less than 3 hours...
In the last category the minimum period as recorded by consumers is
very often Only One Hour.
Increase in metered connections in either of the Suburban areas is
more than one-and-half times that in the City indicating residential
building
activity in the Suburbs, giving inference of growth of economically
comfortable
people in those areas. This is because there is no space left within
the
City Wards for construction of new housing colonies. The City Wards
have
stiull got many consumers whose connections are unmetered and who pay
water
charges linked with rateable value of property and hence do not pay for
actual consumption of water. It is debatable whether metering of such
areas
in any case is worthwhile when water supply is less than 2 to 3 hours
per
day.
Unvala, S P, "Five
Minutes to Midnight, Indian
Water Works Association", Mumbai. Pg. 1-28,1995.
[R.J33.1].
If city planning does not incorporate the needs of the
poorest, then
even theoretically adequate quantities of water will be inequitably
distributed,
leading to waste on the one hand and water starvation on the other...
While an paper the city has enough water to supply just under 200
liters
per day per person, in fact the better off areas get in excess of 300
I/p/d
while the poorer areas get hardly 50 I/p/d...
The system of distribution calculates water releases according to
metered
connections. This ensures that the rich, who can afford individual of
water
per day than the poor, who either have no regular water supply or have
to share one tap with many families.
"Water Solidarity
Network, Water and Health in
Underprivileged Urban Areas", UNCED, France.
Pg. 154-155. February1994. [R.J33.6].
Families that live in peri-urban settlements build on the
cheaper land
outside city limits (which means they pay a premium in travel to work
and
schools), on land that is not zoned for housing, or on land considered
dangerous or environmentally protected. They usually have paid the
former
owner or occupant the full purchase price, but receive no registered
title
to the land. They generally do not participate in local government, and
they are not connected to the municipal service network...
Those who benefit from public services pay the marginal costs that
their new service represents. But when the cost of additional
infrastructure
includes a new trunk line, reservoir, or additional treatment plants,
as
they can when peri-urban or suburban sites are linked up to a municipal
aqueduct, the marginal costs tend to increase, and with them the burden
on poor families, which are the last to get services.
Solo, Tovo Maria, Perez , Eduardo
& Joyce, Steven,
"Constraints
in Providing Water and
Sanitation Services To
The Urban Poor",
Office of Health,Bureau for Re, Washington, pg.1-27, I-VII, March 1993.
[R.J33.16].
The 1.9 billion people now living in cities in developing
nations (compared
to 295 million in 1950) represent two-thirds of the global urban
population.
In 2030, the number is expected to reach 4.1 billion - 80% of
city-dwellers
worldwide...
One answer to poverty and fragmentation is segmentation of services
available to different sets of city-dwellers...
Greater availability of basic services in different forms to people
who can't pay for them is a major challenge.
Payen, Gerard, "Working
Together for a Sustainable
Future: How Public-Private Partnerships Are Finding New Solutions to
Water
Needs", Lyonnaise Des Eaux, France. Pg.7-9, 13-14,
15-17, 2000.
[R.J33.15].
The study pointed out that water gets contaminated during
distribution.
The main reasons for this are listed as mixing of sewage with drinking
water and gross neglect of hygiene.
Jamwal, Nidhi, "Shocktail:
Mumbai's Water Too Dirty
to Drink", Down To Earth, New Delhi, 31 August
2003. [C.J33.310803DTE].
Rajadhyaksha, Radha, "When the BMC Breaks Its Own Rules,Who's to Play Policeman? "The Times of India, Mumbai, 21 August 2001. [C.J33.210801TOI].
Deshmukh, Smita, "We Want the Garden, NGOs Tell BMC", The Times of India, Mumbai, 12 September 2001. [C.J33.120901TOI].
The excavated roads and pavements have in the last month
caused gas
fires and water breaches. It's all happening because there's a traffic
jam of utilities developing under ground-and one digger never knows
what
the other is doing.
Upadhyaya, Uma, "There's
a Traffic Jam Under Your
Feet…", The Times of India, Mumbai, 07 March 2003.
[C.J33.070303TOI].
The fear is of gas leakage much of South Mumbai is congested
and the
pipelines are of plastic. The multiple lances and by lanes and other
assorted
problem make it extremely difficult for the company to lay down
pipelines
here.
Kolhatkar, Neeta, "Mahanagar
Is All Gas for South
Mumbai", The Times of India. Mumbai, 13 January
2000. [C.J33.130100TOI].
This Scandinavian country has been a world pioneer in
environmentally-conscious
policy making way back since the early 1970s. Today it remains as one
of
the world's leaders in the implementation of environment-friendly
legislation,
planning and practices especially in sustainable water, wetland,
energy,
waste and traffic management and control of CO2 emissions.
"Clean Up, Cut Down and
Save", Utusan Konsumer,
Malaysia, 01 May 2001. [C.J33.010501UKO].
"Civic Standing Committee Rejects Plans for Independent Water Board", The Times of India, Mumbai, 25 April 2001. [C.J33.250401TOI].
We found three water pipe joints that were completely
submerged in the
creek.
Ali, S. Ahmed, "Bugs,
Sewage Pour Out of Vakola
Taps", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 18 October
2001. [C.J33.181001IE].
In the last five years, water contamination has ranged from
23.7 per
cent to 25 per cent in the ward -- the highest in the city.
The contamination
is in the form of bacteriological content. The area is devoid of slums
but has a large number of old building sand chawls.
"Water, Water Everywhere",
The Times of
India, Mumbai, 02 September 2002. [C.J33.020902TOI].
Though the permissible level for wastage is around 15 per cent
Mumbai
wastes around 20 to 25 per cent every day...
"During non-supply hours, pipelines are empty and the pressure outside
is much greater. Water from outside forces itself into the pipes and
mixes
with the fresh water that flows in when supply is resumed.
Ramanujan, Sweta, "City's
Water Pipelines Choke
Under Pressure", The Times of India, Mumbai,01 July
2002. [C.J33.010702TOI].
On an average, a chawl resident consumes between 70 to 80
litres of
water a days. But a person living in a high-rise generally uses a
washing
machine, a bath tub, high-pressure flushing systems, showers and wter
heaters,
which takes the daily consumption up to more than 240 litres.
Bharucha, Nauzer, "High-Rises
Squeeze South Mumbai
City", The Times of India, Mumbai, 19 July 2002.
[C.J33.190702TOI].
The city's total water requirement is 3,900 million litres per
day (mld)
but the BMC has been supplying only 2,900 mld. Of this, 20 per cent is
lost in transit. To add to this, there are leakages due to breaking of
pipes by slum-dwellers, a menace which has increased over the years.
Garari, Kaniza, "BMC
Draws up Rs. 100-Crore
Plan to Improve Water Supply", The Times of
India, Mumbai, 03 March 2003.
[C.J33.030303TOI].
Times News Network, "BMC Will Approach Police in Alum Supplier Case", The Times of India, Mumbai, 08 February 2003. [C.J33.080203TOI].
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation late last month
rejected 280
tonnes of slum acquired to purify the city's water supply because the
consignment
was found to contain benzene and chloiroform -- substances that could
have
endangered Mumbai's health.
Sharma, Archana, "BMC
Finds Toxic Chemicals in
Alum Supply", The Times of India, Mumbai, 07
February 2003. [C.J33.070203TOI].
"We are framing a policy with the Development Plan Department
whereby
proposals for new constructions of over 1,000 square meters will be
cleared
on the grounds that water harvesting be the developers priority. We
will
provide drinking and bathing water only."
Garari, "BMC Does the
Tap Dance", The Times
of India, Mumbai, 16 November 2002. [C.J33.161102TOI].
"Slum residents get a limited supply of water and are more
conservative
about its use. But those who receive a 24-hour supply are the ones who
waste more"...
Another problem facing Mumbai is the unchecked overflow of municipal
water from overhead tanks of several housing societies.
Somit Sen, "Every Drop
Counts: City Gets Ready
to Save Water", The Times of India, Mumbai, 20
December 2002. [C.J33.201202TOI].
About 800 hectares of land in Beed district will be taken up
for aforestation
by the state government to compensate for the loss of 600 hectares of
green
cover in Thane district due to the proposed construction of another dam
on the Vaitarna lake.
Archana Sharma, "Dam on
Vaitarna Will Spell Death
of 10,000 Trees", The Times of India, Mumbai,
26 December 2002. [C.J33.261202TOI].
Somit Sen, "Worms in Water Supply Alarm Colaba Residents",The Times of India, Mumbai, 28 August 2002. [C.J33.280802TOI].
The rainwater harvesting and water recycling facilities would
be compulsory
for buildings constructed on a plot exceeding 2,000 square metres,
while
only a harvesting facility will be required if the plot size is below
2,000
square metres.
Vijay Pandya, "Water
Relief", The Telegraph,
Kolkatta, 31 October 2002. [C.J33.311002TEL].
Compounding the plight is the rampant construction of
skyscrapers and
the indiscriminate use of transfer of development rights the leaking
water
to a nearby garden.
Archana Sharma, "Mumbai
Reels Under Crisis as Taps
Go Dry", The Times of India, Mumbai, 19 October
2002. [C.J33.191002TOI].
With water increasingly becoming a periodic privilege in many
houses,
the corporation is trying to curb the unauthorised installation of such
pumps...
In addition to depriving other citizens of water, the pumps also cause
wter contamination.
Archana Sharma, "Your
Neighbour's Booster Pump
is Denying you Water", The Times of India, Mumbai,
02 November
2002. [C.J33.021102TOI].
Utility: 90 per cent of the water is used
for domestic purposes,
the rest for industrial use. A Mumbaiite uses 40 litres a day for
flushing...
Rainfall: From 42 heavy rain days, the city has
witnessed only
an average of 25 days in the last three years.
Smita Deshmukh, "Worried
BMC to Impose 10 pc Water
Cut", The Times of India, Mumbai, 02 April
2003. [C.J33.020403TOI].
For the last 10 years, around 50,000 litres a day leaks daily
from one
of the reservoirs at Malabar Hill...
Besides illegal connections, every month more than 1,000 illegal
booster
pumps are removed by the civic staff. An engineer of H (west) war
laments:
"Within a month, these boosters come up again."
Uma Upadhyaya, "Water
Cuts: It's Going to Get Very
Bad", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 16 April
2003. [C.J33.160403IE].
"Conservation and reduction in demand is the only solution",
says R.K.
Bhatia, deputy municipal commissioner in charge of water projects. "At
present there is no alternative except an awareness amongst the people
to save water and some way to reduce influx of population."
Uma Upadhyaya, "No
Quick Solution to City's Water
Woes", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 17 April
2003. [C.J33.170403IE].
Archana Sharma, "Centre
Nixes Vaitarna Project,
"The Times of India, Mumbai, 19 April 2003.
[C.J33.190403TOI].
Shailesh Gaikwad, "Now,
State Plans Authority to
Regulate Water, Fix Tariff", The Indian
Express, Mumbai, 30 April 2003.
[C.J33.300403IE].
"Fundament'al Rights", The Economic Times, Mumbai, 14 April 2001. [C.J33.140401ET].
The proposed construction will take place over the next six
months.
Nirmal Mishra, "BMC
Goes 'Loo'ny, Plans 1000 Toilets
in 6 Months", The Times of India, Mumbai,
17 April 2001. [C.J33.170401TOI].
Deputy mayor Arun Deo said that councillors had not used Rs.
33 crore
last year from the fund allotted to them. From the total amount of Rs.
44 crore only Rs. 11 crore was used for various projects of which 90
per
cent was spent on flower pots...
"Since councillors have to show that money is being used from the funds
allotted to them, they spend it even though the project is useless. If
they don't use the money then the Rs. 20 lakh grant allotted to them
lapses."
Sonal Shah, "Rs. 3-Cr
BMC Flower Pots Used as Bins",
The Indian Express, Mumbai, 05 August 2001. [C.J33.050801IE].
Nirmal Mishra, "BMC to Set Up 250 Kiosks in City", The Times of India, Mumbai, 12 May 2001, [C.J33.120501TOI].
Reasons are aplenty why rainwater harvesting (RWH) has not
caught on...
The concept of rain water harvesting is disarmingly simple. It is easy
to install and easier to maintain.
Goutam Ghosh, "Too
Simple to Bother", The
Hindu, Chennai, 11 January 2001. [C.J33.110101H].
Times News Service, 'Group
Will Study Methods to
Conserve Water', The Times of India,
Mumbai, 10 November 2001.
[C.J33.101102TOI].
You may not even have a water connection or a tap in your
premises.
No matter, If you are a resident of Ulhasnagar you will have to shell
out
a hefty amount as water tax...
The only solution offered by the authorities themselves is to buy water
fromn the tankers. It is evident that a definite nexus exists between
some
civic officials and the tanker lobby, something that the mayor himself
has not denied.
Yogesh Sadhwani, "Taps
Run Dry, But Spate in Water
Bills", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 16 March 2001.
[C.J33.160301IE].
SUMATI K. SAMPEMANE, "Waste
as resource", Business
India, Bombay, 01 Sept 2003, [C.D70d.], /eldoc/d70d/01sep03bi1.html
DISPOSAL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT - ALMs,
BMC, NGOs -
Alternatives in waste management
Karmalkar, Naresh, "Showing
the Way Towards Better
Solid Waste Management", Bombay First, Mumbai,
February 2000, [
D70d], /eldoc/urban_issues/uu1_M031.html
Abs: Bombay First's
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Committee focuses on getting together local citizens' groups, exposing
them to best practices in SWM, and providing suitable infrastructural
support
to help them move towards zero garbage zones, through time-bound action
plans.
Sampemane, Sumati K., "Waste as Resource - In Mumbai power flows from garbage mounds", Business India, Mumbai, 01 September 2003, [C.C33], /eldoc/urban_issues/uu1_M032.html
D'Cunha, Gerson, "Agni Celebrates 4th Birthday", The Times of India, Mumbai, 01 April 2003, [C.J06], /eldoc/urban_issues/uu1_M033.html
The waste disposal problem exists because most consumer goods
are destined
for a one-night stand...
An inventory of the world's discards would reveal metals more valuable
than the richest ores, paper representing millions of hectares of
forests,
and plastics incorporating highly refined petrochemicals. That these
products
rich in raw materials and concentrated energy are frequently considered
worthless is indicative of a distorted economic system. We are
literally
throwing away our future...
Recycling Trends and Potential...
Wastes available for recycling theoretically include all consumer
discards.
In practice, it is necessary to distinguish between quantity and
quality.
Some analysts assert that more than half the consumer waste stream can
be economically recycled, although achieving such high rates requires
careful
waste handling...
United States, some 200 mills use only reclaimed paper. Developing
countries that rely on wastepaper can conserve scarce wter for drinking
supplies and can also keep down their foreign debts, since wastepaper
mills
require less imported equipment...
Cornerstones of a Recycling Society...
Historically, solid waste has been regarded more as a nuisance than
as a real problem requiring a well-thought out solution...
Traimming wastes and using more recyclable materials cuts the need
for imported resources, and reduces energy consumption as well as water
and air pollution.
Pollock, Cynthia, "Mining
Urban Wastes: The Potential
for Recycling", Worldwatch Institute,
Washington. Pg. 5-13, 20-24, 41-42. April
1987. [R.D70d.3].
Aimed at encouraging citizens participation in resolving civic
issues
like garbage disposal, drainage cleaning, road repairs, checking
encroachment
and maintaining a clean environment, ALMs are expected to be a single
window
access to the whole range of BMC services.
Janaki Krishnamoorthi, "BMC
At Your Doorstep",
The Times of India, Mumbai, 13 July 2002.
[C.J06.130702TOI].
"The city generates 5,000 tonnes of waste a day and all its
landfills
are reaching saturation point. Reducing and recycling garbage is our
only
option"...
The award is given to a building which achieves zero garbage through
the participation of all its residents.
Anil Singh, "Junk Food
for Thought", The
Times of India, Mumbai, 07 November 2002.
[C.J33.071102TOI].
An NGO and streetsmart ragpickers has rendered this model area
of 'D'
ward, convincingly clean.
Anil Sadarangani, "No
More Waste at Malabar Hill",
The Times of India, Mumbai, 11 October
2002. [C.J33.111002TOI].
Residents turn wet waste into fertiliser. In their own
backwards using
vermiculture and sell dry garbage to the local scrap dealer, while the
BMC saves the cost of picking up, transporting and disposing off the
garbage.
Archana Sharma, "BMC,
Residents Make Gains on ALM
Streets", The Times of India, Mumbai, 24 May 2002.
[C.J33.240502TOI].
"In 1999, the Delhi government had initiated the "Clean Delhi"
programme
with seven selected non-governmental organisations for door-to-door
garbage
collection and environment awareness...
The urban development department officials and most of the NGOs
involved
in the scheme term it a failure.The primary reason for the failure,
claim
NGOs has been "total indifference" of the government to allocation of
funds.
Devirupa Mitra, "NGOs
Allege Govt's Apathy, Fear
Traditional Workers' Ire". The Statesman, Delhi, 21
April 2001.
[C.J33.210401ST].
The study conducted recently by the National Institute of
Oceanography
proposed that the Mumbra-Diva region, along with the mangroves at
Colaba
should be protected on priority basis or else the rich natural heritage
would be lost.
John Manjali, "Mangroves
Destroyed as TMC Dumps
Solid Waste", The Asian Age, Mumbai, 27 July 2000.
[C.E31b.270700AA].
The penalty could be imprisonment and a fine of Rs 1 lakh. The
rules
require among other things, that bio-medical or infectious waste be
segregated
from normal waste. Bio-medical waste is required to be sent to a BMC
incinerator
at Sewri, if the hospital does not have an in-house facility.
Malathy Iyer, "State
Pollution Board will Warn
Hospitals Flouting Biowaste Rules", The Times of
India. Mumbai,
29 January 2003. [C.J33.290103TOI].
The added clause in the Rs 7 crore de-silting contract making
it mandatory
that the lorry load of silt be weighed and recorded on electronic
machines
before dumping has had the contractors developing a cold feet.
Express News Service, "Gutters
Full But Stringent
Clauses Mire Desilting Plan in Contractors' Refusals",
The Indian
Express, Mumbai, 14 April 2001. [C.J33.140401IE].
The Civic Solid Waste Management department currently suffers
from a
crippling shortage of transport vehicles and has been forced to invite
private tenders for its garbage-transportation work.
Express News Service, "Cleanliness
Drive Faces
Further Delay", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 10
November 2002. [C.J33.101102IE].
"Garbage Clearance? What Rubbish! "The Indian Express, Mumbai, [C.J33.IE].
Times News Network, "BMC Plans Twin Dustbins for Garbage Disposal", The Times of India, Mumbai, 04 November 2002. [C.J33.041102TOI].
December 1, the Brihanmumbai municipal corporation (BMC) will
urge residents
to segregate garbage into wet and dry waste. From April next year it
will
be mandatory and those who fail to do so will be fined a minimum of Rs.
1,000.
Times News Service, "BMC
to Launch Garbage Segregation
Drive", The Times of India, Mumbai, 13 November
2002. [C.J33.131102TOI].
Times News Service, "Gorai Residents Cross Swords with Civic Chief Over Dumping Ground", The Times of India. Mumbai, 08 December 2002. [C.J33.081202TOI].
Sudeshna Chatterjee, "Churchgate's Dumping Man", The Times of India, Mumbai, 20 December 2002. [C.J33.201202TOI].
The recent protests by Gorai residents against the dumping
ground in
their area have revealed that the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
(BMC),
like other corporations of Navi Mumbai, Thane, and Nashik, has not
earmarked
any area for a garbage dump in its Development Plan. The sites that
were
chosen as garbage dump sites were chosen merely because no development
existed in the area.
Rajshri Mehta, "BMC
Flouts Rules to Set Up Dumps",
The Indian Express, Mumbai, 28 December 2002. [C.J33.281202IE].
To start with, the BMC will make arrangements for
house-to-house collection
of segregated garbage--dry in white bags and wet in coloured bags...
The city generates 5,000 tonnes of garbage everyday, out of which 20
per cent is dry waste.
Archana Sharma, "Civic
Body Banks on Ragpickers
for its Clean-up Drive", The Times of India,
Mumbai, 03 January
2003. [C.J33.030103TOI].
Starting next month, water bills sent to housing societies
will have
a note on them saying that segregation of garbage is mandatory and
defaulters
will be fined.
Express News Service, "If
You Want Water, Separate
Garbage", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 15 January
2003. [C.J33.150103IE].
They spent two unsuccessful years attempting to implement the
scheme
to segregate wet and dry garbage. But this time, BMC officials claim,
citizens
simply won't have a choice to refuse. Dumps are overflowing and the
city's
one big dump.
"Do You Care Enough? ",The
Indian Express,
Mumbai, 16 January 2003. [C.J33.160103IE].
Only 2,500 tonnes of garbage are being carted off Mumbai's
streets every
day, even though it pays for 4,000 tonnes to be cleared...
The BMC spends an average of Rs. 40 crores annually to transport
garbage
from the 24 wards to the dumping grounds. The 1,500 tonnes of garbage
that
have stayed uncleared each day have cost the exchequer crores of rupees
over the years.
Somit Sen, "BMC's
Garbage Contracts Are a Load
of Junk", The Times of India, Mumbai, 24
January
2003. [C.J33.240103TOI].
Mr. Srivastava said that builders will be asked to set up pits
for vermi-composing
in the compound of new buildings.
Times News Service, "32
Housing Societies
Fined for not Segregating Waste", The Times of
India, Mumbai, 29
January 2003. [C.J33.290103TOI].
A sewage tunnel reaching 3.7 kilometres into the sea at
Bandra, along
with a new pumping station -- the largest in Asia -- at Mahim, will
finally
start operating in the first week of April, 17 years after work on them
first began.
Uma Upadhyaya, "After
100 Years, A Healthier, Cleaner
City", The Indian Express, Mumbai, 09 March 2003.
[C.J33.090303IE].
R MOHAN, "Clean
Thiruvananthapuram", Down
To Earth, New Delhi, 31 Aug 2003, [C.D70d.], /eldoc/d70d/31aug03dte7.html
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20030831&filename=croc&sec_id=18&sid=5
Abs:
PIALI BANERJEE, "Ragpickers
get training in garbage
management", Times of India, Bombay, 20 Aug 2003,
[C.D70d.], /eldoc/d70d/20aug03toi1.html
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=138301
"Mumbai Cleans Up", Population Reports, New Delhi, 01 May 2003, [C.D70d.], /eldoc/d70d/01may03por6.html